Monday, April 29, 2013

Kentucky woman ordained as priest by dissident Roman Catholics

John Sommers / Reuters

Ordaining Bishop Bridget Mary Meehan (C) presents Rosemarie Smead (R), a 70-year-old Kentucky woman, to the audience after she was ordained as a Roman Catholic priest during a Celebration of Ordination at St. Andrew's United Church of Christ in Louisville, Kentucky April 27, 2013.

By Sofia Perpetua, NBC News

A dissident Roman Catholic group ordained a 70-year-old woman a priest in Louisville, Kentucky, during a ceremony attended by hundreds on Saturday.

About 150 women from all over the world have been ordained in defiance of the Roman Catholic Church that bans them from becoming priests.

Rosemarie Smead will be starting her own congregation and she told Reuters she is not worried about being excommunicated.

"It is a medieval bullying stick the bishops used to keep control over people and to keep the voices of women silent,? she said. ?I am way beyond letting octogenarian men tell us how to live our lives."

Smead, a former Carmelite nun with a bachelor's in theology and a doctorate in counseling psychology, wept throughout the ceremony.

According to a recent New York Times/CBS News poll, seventy percent of U.S. Catholics believe women should be allowed to be priests.

In a statement last week, Louisville Archbishop Joseph E. Kurtz called the planned ceremony by the Association of Roman Catholic Women Priests a "simulated ordination" in opposition to Catholic teaching.

"The simulation of a sacrament carries very serious penal sanctions in Church law, and Catholics should not support or participate in Saturday's event," Kurtz said.

Reuters contributed to this story

Source: http://feeds.nbcnews.com/c/35002/f/653381/s/2b479a89/l/0Lusnews0Bnbcnews0N0C0Inews0C20A130C0A40C280C179592150Ekentucky0Ewoman0Eordained0Eas0Epriest0Eby0Edissident0Eroman0Ecatholics0Dlite/story01.htm

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At their best beyond nine

By JOSE M. ROMERO

Associated Press

Associated Press Sports

updated 12:27 a.m. ET April 28, 2013

PHOENIX (AP) - Extra-inning games seem to suit the Arizona Diamondbacks quite well.

The Diamondbacks improved to 6-0 in extra frames this season after beating the Colorado Rockies 3-2 in 10 innings on Saturday night. Cody Ross hit a long fly ball to center field that allowed A.J. Pollock to score from third base without a throw, and Ross' teammates sprinted from the dugout to congratulate him after Pollock crossed home plate.

Ross also tripled in a run in the first inning to give Arizona a 2-0 lead, three batters after Pollock hit a solo home run.

J.J. Putz earned the win with a scoreless top of the 10th to improve to 2-0. Pollock led off the bottom of the inning with a single off Edgmer Escalona (1-1).

With one out, he stole second base and went to third on a throwing error by Rockies catcher Wilin Rosario. The Rockies then intentionally walked Miguel Montero to have Escalona face Ross.

Ross hit a ball more than 400 feet to center and the Rockies had no chance to throw out the speedy Pollock.

"That guy has good stuff. He throws hard and has a good slider," Ross said of Escalona. "I was just looking for something out over the plate that I could get some good wood on and fortunately it got in the air and Pollock was able to score easily."

The Diamondbacks turned three double plays in the first five innings.

The Rockies loaded the bases in the first and fifth innings against Diamondbacks starter Wade Miley, but failed to score each time.

On the night of a garden gnome giveaway promotion bearing his name, Miley struggled with his control more than in any of his previous four starts this season. He lasted only 4 1-3 innings and threw 98 pitches, walking seven.

Miley walked four in the first inning, but got out of the situation with a double play and a strikeout.

"I just didn't have it tonight and that was pretty much the bottom line. I tried to battle through it but didn't have it," Miley said. "I was scuffling out there. I was lucky."

Rosario homered off reliever Brad Ziegler in the sixth, and the Rockies tied it 2-2 when Troy Tulowitzki singled in Dexter Fowler with two outs in the seventh.

Fowler had reached second on a hustle double, sliding head first and avoiding the tag. Tulowitzki was thrown out at second trying to stretch his hit into a double.

The Diamondbacks had a chance to take the lead in the seventh, but Gerardo Parra was stranded after he singled and reached third base on a wild pitch.

The Rockies had their best late chance in the eighth when Michael Cuddyer and Rosario singled to start the inning.

But Cuddyer was picked off on a throw the catcher, Montero, made to shortstop Cliff Pennington and Rosario was doubled off second base after straying too far off the bag on a line out to Parra in right field.

Cuddyer was incredulous at being picked off, and described the game as odd.

"I think that's a good word," Cuddyer said. "Sometimes it happens , unfortunately. You don't get the big hit and we didn't. We had a lot of opportunities to get it, but we just didn't come up with it."

NOTES: Diamondbacks shortstop Didi Gregorius felt soreness from the contusion on the right side of his head a day after being hit in the helmet by a pitch from the Rockies' Josh Outman in the seventh inning Friday. Gregorius did not play in Saturday's game. ... The Diamondbacks played a man short on their 25-man active roster on Saturday while deciding whether to make a roster move involving Gregorius. ... Diamondbacks OF Jason Kubel, on the 15-day disabled list with a strained left quadriceps, played in an extended spring training game Saturday and is scheduled to continue his rehabilitation at Triple-A Reno on Monday and Tuesday.

? 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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At their best beyond nine

Extra-innings seem to suit the Diamondbacks just fine, as Arizona improved to 6-0 in extra-inning games this season on Saturday.

Source: http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/51691115/ns/sports-baseball/

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Kodak offloads its film and scanner businesses to its UK pension group

Kodak hands its film and scanner businesses to its UK pension group

Kodak may have offered to sell key parts of its document imaging unit to Brother for $210 million, but even that amount is just a small step on the company's long road out of bankruptcy. The company has been looking for a sweeter deal -- and it just found one by settling with its very own UK Kodak Pension Plan. The agreement offloads control of both the document and personal imaging units (read: scanners and film) in return for eliminating a hefty $2.8 billion in claims and receiving $650 million in 'considerations' that include cash. Kodak has already received approval from the UK's Pension Regulator and expects to submit its plans to a US bankruptcy court on Tuesday. We've also confirmed with Kodak that this will supercede the Brother deal as long as it's approved, so there shouldn't be any legal entanglements from changing suitors. As such, Kodak is well on its way to a healthier (if much smaller) company.

[Image credit: Pittaya Sroilong, Flickr]

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Via: The Guardian, Wall Street Journal

Source: Kodak

Source: http://www.engadget.com/2013/04/29/kodak-offloads-its-film-and-scanner-businesses-to-uk-kpp/?utm_medium=feed&utm_source=Feed_Classic&utm_campaign=Engadget

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Friday, April 26, 2013

Autism risk spotted at birth in abnormal placentas

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Researchers at the Yale School of Medicine have figured out how to measure an infant's risk of developing autism by looking for abnormalities in his/her placenta at birth, allowing for earlier diagnosis and treatment for the developmental disorder. The findings are reported in the April 25 online issue of Biological Psychiatry.

One out of 50 children are diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder in the United States each year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), but the diagnosis is usually made when these children are 3 to 4 years of age or older. By then the best opportunities for intervention have been lost because the brain is most responsive to treatment in the first year of life.

Senior author Harvey Kliman, M.D., research scientist in the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences at the Yale School of Medicine, and research collaborators at the MIND Institute at the University of California, Davis, have found that abnormal placental folds and abnormal cell growths called trophoblast inclusions are key markers to identify newborns who are at risk for autism.

Kliman and his team examined 117 placentas from infants of at-risk families, those with one or more previous children with autism. These families were participating in a study called Markers of Autism Risk in Babies ? Learning Early Signs. Kliman compared these at-risk placentas to 100 control placentas collected by the UC Davis researchers from the same geographic area.

The at-risk placentas had as many as 15 trophoblast inclusions, while none of the control placentas had more than two trophoblast inclusions. Kliman said a placenta with four or more trophoblast inclusions conservatively predicts an infant with a 96.7% probability of being at risk for autism.

Currently, the best early marker of autism risk is family history. Couples with a child with autism are nine times more likely to have another child with autism. Kliman said that when these at-risk families have subsequent children they could employ early intervention strategies to improve outcomes. "Regrettably couples without known genetic susceptibility must rely on identification of early signs or indicators that may not overtly manifest until the child's second or third year of life," said Kliman.

"I hope that diagnosing the risk of developing autism by examining the placenta at birth will become routine, and that the children who are shown to have increased numbers of trophoblast inclusions will have early interventions and an improved quality of life as a result of this test," Kliman added.

###

Yale University: http://www.yale.edu

Thanks to Yale University for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/127925/Autism_risk_spotted_at_birth_in_abnormal_placentas

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Country singer George Jones dead at 81

By Bill Trott

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - George Jones, a classic country singer with a voice full of raw honky-tonk emotion and a life full of honky-tonk turmoil, died on Friday at age 81, his spokesman said.

Jones, whose career spanned more than six decades and included hits such as "He Stopped Loving Her Today" and "Window Up Above," died at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, in Nashville.

He had been hospitalized since April 18 with fever and irregular blood pressure, spokesman Kirt Webster said.

In November 2012, Jones embarked on a farewell tour after a career that produced his first top 10 record in 1955 with "Why Baby Why."

The "Grand Tour" was to conclude in Nashville in November this year, where Jones was to be joined by some of the many stars who influenced him.

News of his death brought tributes from a number of country music's top stars.

"Heaven better get ready for George Jones. He will always be the greatest singer of real country music - there'll never be another," Alan Jackson said on Twitter.

Dolly Parton said, "My heart is absolutely broken. George Jones was my all time favorite singer and one of my favorite people in the world."

"George Jones has passed. Damn. Thought he'd live forever. Let's break out his catalogue and play it all day," said Toby Keith.

Like his idol, Hank Williams, Jones battled addiction. Alcohol and cocaine frequently derailed his career and at one point his reputation for canceling performances earned him the nickname No-Show Jones.

But when Jones did show up and was in good form, listeners were treated to a powerful and evocative voice. Jones was at his best with cry-in-your-beer songs made extra mournful by his masterful phrasing.

As his late contemporary Waylon Jennings put it, "If we could all sound like we wanted to, then we'd all sound like George Jones."

Born in Saratoga, Texas, on September 12, 1931, Jones began performing for spare change as a boy on the streets of nearby Beaumont. Under the influence of Williams, Ernest Tubb and Lefty Frizzell, he graduated to the rough roadhouses of East Texas.

Jones had an early marriage, a divorce and a stint in the Marines before his first hit, "Why Baby Why" in 1955. His first No. 1 song, "White Lightning," came in 1959, followed by "Tender Years" in 1961.

'THE POSSUM'

The next two decades brought a string of top 10 songs - "If Drinkin' Don't Kill Me (Her Memory Will)," "Window Up Above," "She Thinks I Still Care," "Good Year for the Roses," "The Race Is On" and "He Stopped Loving Her Today," which Jones said was his favorite. He also had a successful run of duets early in his career with Melba Montgomery.

Jones, who was known as "The Possum," divorced his second wife in 1968 and the next year married one of country music's most popular singers, Tammy Wynette. The pairing was an enormous professional success for both as they recorded and toured together and Jones began working with Billy Sherrill, Wynette's producer.

During his time with Sherrill, Jones refined his honky-tonk voice and sang more ballads, often with the lush string accompaniment that had become a trend in the country music capital of Nashville.

The marriage to Wynette went bad as Jones' addiction problem escalated and Wynette claimed he once came at her with a gun. They divorced in 1975 but later resumed recording together. Wynette died in 1998 at age 55.

Jones continued to put out hit songs in the early 1980s, even as cocaine compounded his personal tumult. Amid a string of hospitalizations and arrests, he disappeared for days at a time, missed shows and recording sessions and took police on a drunken chase through Nashville.

Jones credited fourth wife Nancy, whom he married in 1983, with helping him clean up. But in 1999 he was seriously injured after driving drunk and crashing into a bridge, leading to another stay in rehab.

At one point Jones was so incorrigible that one of his four wives cleared the liquor from their home and hid all the car keys so he could not go for more. Jones responded by cranking up his riding lawn mower and driving it to a bar - an escapade he chronicled in "Honky Tonk Song."

Although he was heard infrequently on mainstream country radio in the later years of his career, Jones was a sought-after duet partner and won a Grammy for the song "Choices" in 1999.

He also won a Grammy for best male country vocal performance in 1980 for "He Stopped Loving Her Today," and received a lifetime achievement Grammy last year.

(Additional reporting by Tim Ghianni in Nashville and Jill Serjeant; Writing by Bill Trott; Editing by Vicki Allen)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/country-music-singer-george-jones-dies-age-81-144810382.html

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Guide on new oral anticoagulant drugs

Apr. 24, 2013 ? A practical guide on the use of the new oral anticoagulants (NOACs) has been produced by the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). A guide was needed to summarise existing information on different drugs, to answer clinical questions that fall outside what drug companies can legally answer, and to make distinctions between the different drugs.

ESC guidelines on atrial fibrillation recommend the NOACs as preferable to vitamin K antagonists for stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.1 Companies provide a Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) for their drug but the content is bound by legal restrictions and the information in SmPCs for different NOACs overlaps.

Professor Hein Heidbuchel (Belgium), lead author of the EHRA guide, said: "Companies are bound by legal restrictions in their SmPCs and for physicians in the field the information is often not specific enough. EHRA goes further than the SmPCs and provides expert guidance, often admittedly based on incomplete data, on what to do in specific clinical situations."

He added: "We have brought together information on all the NOACs in one document so it's clear for physicians what the similarities and differences are. We worked closely with the drug companies to make sure that all of the information in the SmPCs is also in our document."

The paper provides practical advice on how to handle 15 clinical scenarios. The full paper is published today in EHRA's official journal, EP-Europace, and the executive summary is published online in European Heart Journal.

The clinical situations include how to initiate and monitor NOAC use, how to measure the anticoagulant effect if needed in specific situations, switching between anticoagulants, ensuring compliance, patients with chronic kidney disease and management of bleeding complications.

NOACs remove the regular monitoring of anticoagulation level that was required for the vitamin K antagonists. But Professor Heidbuchel said: "Compliance is very important for the novel anticoagulant drugs because they have a very short half-life. That means that if you don't take them you will not be protected by anticoagulation and are at greater risk of thromboembolic events."

The document provides tips on how to improve compliance. These include educating patients about the drug's short half-life, and that small minor bleeding such as a nose bleed will stop by itself and patients should continue taking the drug. Compliance can also be improved with a pre-specified follow up scheme.

The guide does not cover the indications for switching from a vitamin K antagonist to a NOAC but it does advise how to switch safely. Professor Heidbuchel said: "We have learned from the big trials that these moments of transitioning from one anticoagulant to another can be dangerous in the sense that patients can be under-anticoagulated."

He added: "The bleeding risk profile of the NOACs is definitely better than that of vitamin K antagonists. Nevertheless bleedings will occur and so our practical document has outlined what action should be taken."

Professor Stefan Hohnloser (Germany), a reviewer of the EHRA guide and a member of the ESC atrial fibrillation guidelines task force, said: "The updated ESC guidelines on the treatment of atrial fibrillation recommend the NOACs to be used rather than the vitamin K antagonists. Like all new drugs these drugs have pitfalls -- for example they are excreted via the kidneys and therefore physicians need to measure renal function regularly. Physicians who follow the practical advice in this guide will dramatically improve the safety of their patients."

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by European Society of Cardiology (ESC).

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. H. Heidbuchel, P. Verhamme, M. Alings, M. Antz, W. Hacke, J. Oldgren, P. Sinnaeve, A. J. Camm, P. Kirchhof. European Heart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the use of new oral anticoagulants in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Europace, 2013; 15 (5): 625 DOI: 10.1093/europace/eut083

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/QGQ_W-nIkNA/130426134803.htm

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Thursday, April 25, 2013

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Cause of LED efficiency droop finally revealed

Wednesday, April 24, 2013

Researchers at University of California, Santa Barbara, in collaboration with colleagues at the ?cole Polytechnique in France, have conclusively identified Auger recombination as the mechanism that causes light emitting diodes (LEDs) to be less efficient at high drive currents.

Until now, scientists had only theorized the cause behind the phenomenon known as LED "droop"?a mysterious drop in the light produced when a higher current is applied. The cost per lumen of LEDs has held the technology back as a viable replacement for incandescent bulbs for all-purpose commercial and residential lighting.

This could all change now that the cause of LED efficiency droop has been explained, according to researchers James Speck and Claude Weisbuch of the Center for Energy Efficient Materials at UCSB, an Energy Frontier Research Center sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy.

Knowledge gained from this study is expected to result in new ways to design LEDs that will have significantly higher light emission efficiencies. LEDs have enormous potential for providing long-lived high quality efficient sources of lighting for residential and commercial applications. The U.S. Department of Energy recently estimated that the widespread replacement of incandescent and fluorescent lights by LEDs in the U.S. could save electricity equal to the total output of fifty 1GW power plants.

"Rising to this potential has been contingent upon solving the puzzle of LED efficiency droop," commented Speck, professor of Materials and the Seoul Optodevice Chair in Solid State Lighting at UCSB. "These findings will enable us to design LEDs that minimize the non-radiative recombination and produce higher light output."

"This was a very complex experiment?one that illustrates the benefits of teamwork through both an international collaboration and a DOE Energy Frontier Research Center," commented Weisbuch, distinguished professor of Materials at UCSB. Weisbuch, who is also a faculty member at the ?cole Polytechnique in Paris, enlisted the support of his colleagues Lucio Martinelli and Jacques Peretti. UCSB graduate student Justin Iveland was a key member of the team working both at UCSB and ?cole Polytechnique.

In 2011, UCSB professor Chris van de Walle and colleagues theorized that a complex non-radiative process known as Auger recombination was behind nitride semiconductor LED droop, whereby injected electrons lose energy to heat by collisions with other electrons rather than emitting light.

A definitive measurement of Auger recombination in LEDs has now been accomplished by Speck, Weisbuch, and their research team.

The experiment used an LED with a specially prepared surface that permitted the researchers to directly measure the energy spectrum of electrons emitted from the LED. The results unambiguously showed a signature of energetic electrons produced by the Auger process.

###

University of California - Santa Barbara: http://www.ucsb.edu

Thanks to University of California - Santa Barbara for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/127877/Cause_of_LED_efficiency_droop_finally_revealed

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Maya civilization's roots may lie in ritual

Guatemalan finds point to ancient cultural interactions across a wide territory

By Bruce Bower

Web edition: April 25, 2013

Enlarge

Standing on Ceremony

After excavating through layers of construction at an ancient Maya site in Guatemala, researchers found a ritual plaza from around 3,000 years ago.

Credit: T. Inomata

Ancient Maya civilization was born of public rituals devised several thousand years ago as a result of mingling among groups spread across what?s now southern Mexico and Guatemala.

That?s the provocative conclusion of a report, published April 25 in Science, describing the excavation of that region?s oldest known ceremonial structures. The excavations were at Ceibal, an early Maya settlement in Guatemala. These 3,000-year-old finds consist of remnants of a square platform and a long platform separated by a plaza, say archaeologist Takeshi Inomata of the University of Arizona in Tucson and his colleagues. Critically, the two structures run from east to west.

Renovations to the square platform transformed it into a 6- to 8-meter-high pyramid by around 2,700 years ago. A new version of the long platform was built behind the original at that time. ?

That layout, joining a square or pyramid with a platform in an east-west alignment, formed the centerpiece of ritual areas in many later Maya cities. Ceremonial structures at Ceibal and nearby sites got the cultural ball rolling, the researchers suggest, in a Maya society that eventually featured writing, a complex calendar and massive temples.

Radiocarbon dating at Ceibal challenges previous proposals that Maya civilization arose either on its own or due to the direct influence of southern Mexico?s Olmec civilization, which dates from roughly 3,500 to 2,400 years ago. Some archaeologists contend that an Olmec settlement near Mexico?s Gulf Coast called La Venta crucially shaped ancient Maya practices.

But Ceibal?s ceremonial structures were built about 200 years before comparable ones at La Venta, Inomata?s team concludes. Similarly configured ritual buildings appeared at sites within 400 kilometers of Ceibal shortly after 3,000 years ago, the investigators say.

?Cultural interaction over a broad area was a key to development of Maya civilization,? Inomata says.

Ceibal and nearby sites have yielded jade, obsidian and other valuable stones that were used to make axes as offerings to gods and then buried in ceremonial plazas. Traders of these precious stones from various groups witnessed and even participated in others? rituals, Inomata suspects.

In agreement with Inomata, archaeologist Francisco Estrada-Belli of Tulane University in New Orleans suspects that cultural exchange between the Maya and the Olmec began more than 3,000 years ago. Estrada-Belli directs excavations of Cival, a Maya site near Ceibal where another pyramid and platform separated by a plaza were built roughly 2,800 years ago.

Inomata?s findings at Ceibal challenge the popular view that public rituals and public spaces appeared only after early civilizations established economic systems and social classes. ?Religion and public ritual might be the most important factors in the development of Maya civilization,? Estrada-Belli says.

Olmec investigators praise the new Ceibal report but say it can?t explain Maya civilization?s roots. Ceibal?s ceremonial structures may have preceded those at La Venta, but residents of an older Olmec settlement called San Lorenzo ? which had a complex culture that archaeologists only poorly understand? might have erected such structures, remarks archaeologist John Clark of Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah. San Lorenzo?s heyday ended around 3,150 years ago.

Art and religion flourished at San Lorenzo while Maya to the east were just learning to make pottery, says Yale University archaeologist Michael Coe. Olmec people may not have invented Ceibal?s ritual setup, but they still forged a ?mother culture? for the Maya and other ancient societies in that region, Coe holds.

Inomata?s team doesn?t yet know the length of Ceibal?s long platforms, so it?s unclear whether ritual structures there were arrayed like those at later Maya sites, says archaeologist Rebecca Gonz?lez Lauck of Centro INAH Tabasco, Mexico, who directs La Venta excavations. La Venta?s pyramid and platform stand near two massive stone sculptures unlike anything at Maya sites, she adds, indicating that Olmec ritual practices were different than those at Ceibal and other Maya sites. Only further excavations can illuminate cultural links between Olmec and Maya sites, Gonz?lez Lauck holds.

One thing is certain, she says: ?There was contact between the Gulf Coast Olmec and the Maya lowlands, including Ceibal.?

Source: http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/349963/title/Maya_civilizations_roots_may_lie_in_ritual

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Wednesday, April 24, 2013

Rethinking early atmospheric oxygen: Possibility of more dynamic biological oxygen cycle on early Earth than previously supposed

Apr. 24, 2013 ? A research team of biogeochemists at the University of California, Riverside has provided a new view on the relationship between the earliest accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere, arguably the most important biological event in Earth history, and its relationship to the sulfur cycle.

A general consensus exists that appreciable oxygen first accumulated in Earth's atmosphere around 2.4 to 2.3 billion years ago. Though this paradigm is built upon a wide range of geological and geochemical observations, the famous "smoking gun" for what has come to be known as the "Great Oxidation Event" (GOE) comes from the disappearance of anomalous fractionations in rare sulfur isotopes.

"These isotope fractionations, often referred to as 'mass-independent fractionations,' or 'MIF' signals, require both the destruction of sulfur dioxide by ultraviolet energy from the sun in an atmosphere without ozone and very low atmospheric oxygen levels in order to be transported and deposited in marine sediments," said Christopher T. Reinhard, the lead author of the research paper and a former UC Riverside graduate student. "As a result, their presence in ancient rocks is interpreted to reflect vanishingly low atmospheric oxygen levels continuously for the first ~2 billion years of Earth's history."

However, diverse types of data are emerging that point to the presence of atmospheric oxygen, and, by inference, the early emergence of oxygenic photosynthesis hundreds of millions of years before these MIF signals disappear from the rock record. These observations motivated Reinhard and colleagues to explore the possible conditions under which inherited MIF signatures may have persisted in the rock record long after oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere.

Using a simple quantitative model describing how sulfur and its isotopes cycle through Earth's crust, the researchers discovered that under certain conditions these MIF signatures can persist within the ocean and marine sediments long after O2 increases in the atmosphere. Simply put, the weathering of rocks on the continents can transfer the MIF signal to the oceans and their sediments long after production of this fingerprint has ceased in an oxygenated atmosphere.

"This lag would blur our ability to date the timing of the GOE and would allow for dynamic rising and falling oxygen levels during a protracted transition from an atmosphere without oxygen to one rich in this life-giving gas," Reinhard said.

Study results appear in Nature's advanced online publication on April 24.

Reinhard explained that once MIF signals formed in an oxygen-poor atmosphere are captured in pyrite and other minerals in sedimentary rocks, they are recycled when those rocks are later uplifted as mountain ranges and the pyrite is oxidized.

"Under certain conditions, this will create a sort of 'memory effect' of these MIF signatures, providing a decoupling in time between the burial of MIF in sediments and oxygen accumulation at Earth's surface," he said.

According to the researchers, the key here is burying a distinct MIF signal in deep sea sediments, which are then subducted and removed from Earth's surface.

"This would create a complementary signal in minerals that are weathered and delivered to the oceans, something that we actually see evidence of in the rock record," said Noah Planavsky, the second author of the research paper and a former UC Riverside graduate student now at Caltech. "This signal can then be perpetuated through time without the need to generate it within the atmosphere contemporaneously."

Reinhard, now a postdoctoral fellow at Caltech and soon to be an assistant professor at Georgia Institute of Technology, explained that although the researchers' new model provides a plausible mechanism for reconciling recent conflicting data, this can only occur when certain key conditions are met -- and these conditions are likely to have changed through time during Earth's long early history.

"There is obviously much further work to do, but we hope that our model is one step toward a more integrated view of how Earth's crust, mantle and atmosphere interact in the global sulfur cycle," he said.

Timothy W. Lyons, a professor of biogeochemistry at UCR and the principal investigator of the research project noted that this is a fundamentally new and potentially very important way of looking at the sulfur isotope record and its relationship to biospheric oxygenation.

"The message is that sulfur isotope records, when viewed through the filter of sedimentary recycling, may challenge efforts to precisely date the GOE and its relationship to early life, while opening the door to the wonderful unknowns we should expect and embrace," he said.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of California - Riverside. The original article was written by Iqbal Pittalwala.

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Journal Reference:

  1. Christopher T. Reinhard, Noah J. Planavsky, Timothy W. Lyons. Long-term sedimentary recycling of rare sulphur isotope anomalies. Nature, 2013; DOI: 10.1038/nature12021

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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_science/~3/YRepc-uxACM/130424185213.htm

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Cautious relief in Peoria as water levels fall

Mike Branchik returns to dry land using a make shift walkway from his home as the Illinois River floods homes Tuesday, April 23, 2013, in Peoria Heights, Ill. Floodwaters are rising to record levels along the Illinois River in central Illinois. (AP Photo/Seth Perlman)

Mike Branchik returns to dry land using a make shift walkway from his home as the Illinois River floods homes Tuesday, April 23, 2013, in Peoria Heights, Ill. Floodwaters are rising to record levels along the Illinois River in central Illinois. (AP Photo/Seth Perlman)

A water pump house is surrounded by water as the Illinois River rises out of it's banks Tuesday, April 23, 2013, in Peoria Heights, Ill. Floodwaters are rising to record levels along the Illinois River in central Illinois. Communities in Illinois and Missouri are hoping to hold back surging rivers swollen by days of drenching rain. (AP Photo/Seth Perlman)

The Illinois Valley Yacht and Canoe Club is surrounded by water as the Illinois River rises out of it's banks flooding businesses and homes Tuesday, April 23, 2013, in Peoria Heights, Ill. Floodwaters are rising to record levels along the Illinois River in central Illinois. (AP Photo/Seth Perlman)

Heavy machinery moves sandbags as other sit staged, ready for possible use in the fight against floodwaters Tuesday, April 23, 2013, in Dutchtown, Mo. The tiny community of Dutchtown is doing what it can to prepare ahead of any possible flood. (AP Photo/Jeff Roberson)

Water covers the intersection of Illinois State Route 100 and Route 3 in Grafton, Ill. on Tuesday, April 23, 2013. More rain on Tuesday was the last thing flood fighters across the Midwest wanted to see, adding more water to swollen rivers that are now expected to remain high into next month. (AP Photo/Belleville News-Democrat, Derik Holtmann)

(AP) ? Floodwaters began a slow, inch-by-inch retreat Wednesday in inundated Peoria, Ill., offering hope to residents who watched helplessly as the Illinois River reached a 70-year high and swamped their homes and businesses.

In downtown Peoria, tens of thousands of white and yellow sandbags stacked 3 feet high lined blocks of the scenic riverfront, holding back waters that already had surrounded the visitors' center and restaurants in the 114-year-old former train depot. Across the street, smaller sandbag walls blocked riverside pedestrian access to the headquarters of heavy equipment maker Caterpillar and the city's arts and culture museum.

The flood will take its toll economically on Peoria, but authorities watching the receding waters expressed relief that, so far, no lives have been lost.

Elsewhere, there were no reports of other significant Midwestern population centers in peril, but officials were urging caution because of predictions that waterways will remain high through early May and sustain pressure on earthen levees.

Concerns persist along the Mississippi River in southeast Missouri, where smaller levees had been overtopped or breached, especially in Lincoln and Pike counties. But sandbag levees in the unprotected towns of Clarksville, Mo., and Dutchtown, Mo., were holding ahead of expected crests later in the week.

Officials in Peoria said the Illinois River finally crested Tuesday at 29.35 feet, eclipsing a 70-year record.

Because the water made numerous roads around the city impassable, firefighters had been especially concerned about being able to battle blazes since the water made numerous roads around the area impassable.

Their closest call came late Tuesday when an above-ground gasoline storage tank at a former boat repair business broke loose, raising concerns of potential disaster if it got swept south into downtown Peoria.

Peoria Heights Fire Chief Greg Walters and others managed to lasso it and wrangle it to shore.

"That's the only real issue we've had at this point," Walters said. "We're fortunate in that respect. I'm feeling blessed. Fingers crossed."

Blair Pumphrey also hoped for good luck, but he wasn't so fortunate. On Wednesday, he was moving out of his small, brick rental home ? its basement flooded to the rafters and the garage swamped. His backyard resembled a lake, with an occasional goose swimming by.

A small wall of sandbags he put up with friends days earlier held off the river for a time, but it proved futile.

"Once the basement started leaking, there was no stopping it," said Pumphrey, 29, an electrician and member of the Illinois Air National Guard. "Then when the river came around the front, there was nothing I could do."

Among those still in their homes was Mark Reatherford. The 52-year-old unemployed baker has lived for decades in his split-level, which has a view of a small park and the Illinois River. By Tuesday afternoon, as a chilly rain fell, the river had rolled over the park and reached Reatherford's home, creating a 3-foot-deep mess in the basement.

He cleared out the basement furniture and was hoping the main floor would stay dry. But he hadn't dismissed the idea of abandoning his home in Peoria Heights, about 150 miles southwest of Chicago.

"You can't get a better view than what we've got here," he said, acknowledging "I'm getting too old to deal with this."

Nearby, retired Caterpillar crane operator Roland Gudat spent much of Tuesday afternoon on his porch swing, marveling at the river, which had swamped houses down the street but largely spared his home of 46 years. The 73-year-old said he had pumped from his basement hundreds of gallons of water that had seeped up from the saturated ground.

Gudat remarked that he'd never seen the river so high, but nonetheless could not tolerate the gawkers that were using neighborhood driveways to turn around.

"I told them this isn't a damn cul-de-sac," he said. Gudat and his neighbors placed saw horses in their driveways, forcing sightseers to reverse back down the road.

"If they knock those saw horses over, I'm gonna turn their keys off and call the cops. Don't come here and bug people in misery," he said.

In southwestern Indiana, floodgates have been installed to keep the Wabash River from overrunning Vincennes, which was founded in 1732. Some strategic spots in the state's oldest town have been reinforced with sandbags. The weather service projected a crest on Saturday about 12 feet above flood stage, the highest in nearly 70 years.

The Grand River at Grand Rapids, Mich., which reached record levels recently has receded about 2 feet. Weather officials said it was expected to fall below flood stage Thursday, but it was unclear when the hundreds of people evacuated could return to their homes.

___

Salter reported from St. Louis. Associated Press writer Don Babwin in Chicago contributed to this story.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/386c25518f464186bf7a2ac026580ce7/Article_2013-04-24-Spring%20Flooding/id-9a02e475e58a4adf9e94e985ca6d25cf

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Chechen strongman corrects his minister - with a boxing glove to the head

The phrase "banging heads" is often deployed as a political metaphor, but is seldom intended literally.

Not so in Chechnya, where the youthful pro-Moscow strongman, Ramzan Kadyrov, is both a fan of martial arts and a strict disciplinarian when it comes to dealing with slack officials.

During a Monday visit to Chechnya's Ministry of Culture and Sports, Mr. Kadyrov, who is also an avid user of social media, took to his Twitter account to express great displeasure with the condition of the ministry's Grozny headquarters. A photo of Kadyrov and the hapless minister was subsequently posted to his Instagram account standing in front of the "deteriorated" structure.

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Shoddy work has to be punished, and Kadyrov ? who is a trained boxer ? invited the minister to what he clearly viewed as a good-natured bout in the ring, photos of which he then posted to Instagram, together with a colorful commentary.

"As promised, I've held an educational conversation with the Minister of Culture and Sports in the ring," he wrote.

"In the course of our dialogue (or should I say, sparring), I gently threw a right hook, and pointed out to him with the fingers of my left (well, fist, actually) that you have to start using your head.... Since the minister has already started correcting his mistakes, I decided to let him wear a helmet. After all, he has to work tomorrow."

The photos illustrate that while Kadyrov had no protection at all, the sports minister wore a heavy, wraparound helmet.

He added that his Minister of Labor would be up for a drubbing next, depending on the results of an upcoming meeting.

Kadyrov, to whom Moscow handed control of Chechnya after pacifying the restive republic and withdrawing most of its troops in 2009, has run the place according to his own will ever since. The Kremlin has provided the steady stream of cash that's fueled an impressive economic revival on the tiny territory that has been devastated by two brutal wars since the USSR collapsed.

But Russia has not interfered with Kadyrov's style of rule, despite a steady drumbeat of reports about horrific human rights violations and indications that Kadyrov is defying the Russian constitution by introducing elements of Sharia law ? especially regarding women's dress and public comportment ? and authorizing Islamic vigilantes in the streets to enforce them.

The Kadyrov who's on display in his Twitter and Instagram accounts, and also his LiveJournal blog ? which he updated Tuesday with a pledge to be more active in interfacing with the public ? is a fitness buff, who loves sports, adores children, and isn't above a bit of cheerful roughhousing with his officials.

The reaction to the ministerial boxing match in Moscow, where Kadyrov is an acutely polarizing topic, ranged from those who argued that it's just a harmless Caucasian cultural peculiarity to others who saw chilling intimations of Chechen political reality beneath the seemingly jocular surface.

"Maybe this is a Chechen tradition, to hold a person responsible by calling him into the ring and beating him?" says Vladimir Zharikhin, deputy director of the official Institute of the Commonwealth of Independent States in Moscow.

"Evey nation has its own traditions. Don't judge, lest you be judged. I'm sure for Ramzan [Kadyrov] that new French law permitting same-sex marriage surely seems a lot weirder than anything he's doing," he adds.

But others say that Kadyrov is getting to be a distinct embarrassment for Russia, one that the Kremlin is afraid to confront because he is the last bastion of stability in the turbulent northern Caucasus.

An odd episode that reportedly occurred in Moscow last month illustrates this point. A group of officers of the FSB ? Russia's national security/intelligence agency ? "went on strike" after being forced by superiors to release a group of Kadyrov's bodyguards whom they had arrested on charges of kidnapping and extortion. If true, the story ? reported by the opposition Novaya Gazeta, and summarized in the Moscow Times ? suggests that Kadyrov and his men enjoy complete immunity from Russian law, even in downtown Moscow.

"Kadyrov is part of the foundation of Putin's rule," says Yevgeny Ikhlov, head of the analytical department of For Human Rights, a Moscow-based grassroots coalition.

"He is the cornerstone of the structure. Only Kadyrov can control all the Chechen ex-rebels who are loyal to him personally, and no one else. Without Kadyrov there would be a domino effect, leading to the collapse of order in Ingushetia, Dagestan, and possibly the entire northern Caucasus. So, as far as the Kremlin is concerned, Kadyrov can do anything he wants."

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Source: http://news.yahoo.com/chechen-strongman-corrects-minister-boxing-glove-head-160307665.html

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HSBC to shed 1,149 UK jobs in new round of cutbacks

By Steve Slater

LONDON (Reuters) - HSBC is cutting 1,149 jobs in Britain in another round of redundancies to save money and slim down Europe's biggest bank.

These are part of a 3-year revival plan by Chief Executive Stuart Gulliver to reduce costs, raise returns and focus on profitable areas.

Banks across the world are shedding thousands of staff to try to increase profitability, improve technology and cope with tougher regulations brought in after the financial crisis.

In Britain, banks have axed thousands of jobs in response to new rules on how they sell investment products. HSBC said on Tuesday the latest cuts reflected the changing nature of customer behaviour and regulation. The bank said its changes mean customers will have a single advisor for their banking and wealth management.

HSBC said 3,166 UK jobs would be affected by the latest plans, but the bank expects to redeploy just over 2,000 of the staff. It adds to 2,200 UK job cuts made a year ago.

The bank employs just over 47,000 staff in Britain, or about 40,000 excluding its investment bank and head office.

The cuts will mostly come from wealth management, where the bank said it is shifting advisors into its consumer retail banking business from June. Some 942 relationship management roles will go, including commercial banking financial advisor positions.

Gulliver has cut 34,500 global jobs since taking over in early 2011, or 12 percent of staff, which has slashed annual costs by 2.36 billion pounds. He is expected to say next month he is targeting another 655 million pounds of annual savings, which could result in another 5,000 redundancies this year, analysts estimated.

The latest round of cuts will also affect staff in support roles and commercial banking, where HSBC said it is cutting the number of business specialist roles and increasing the number of international business managers.

Gulliver has axed jobs across North America, Latin America, Europe and Asia-Pacific, excluding Hong Kong. He said he expected to shed 30,000 jobs by taking out bureaucracy and underperforming businesses when he laid out a three-year revival plan in May 2011, but said he also wanted to add 15,000 in faster growing areas.

Although he has surpassed his target to slice 2.29 billion pounds off annual expenses, costs accounted for 62.8 percent of income last year, well above another target to get that ratio below 52 percent.

(Editing by Jane Merriman)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/hsbc-cut-1-149-uk-jobs-cost-cutting-113300011--sector.html

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Samsung Galaxy S 4 review

Samsung Galaxy S 4 review

This is the story of a little smartphone series that grows up and, three years later, positions itself to take over the world. The device in question, the newest addition to that lineup, doesn't really need much of an introduction thanks to some of the most successful marketing campaigns in the world. We'll be happy to give it anyway: pictured atop this very text sits the Samsung Galaxy S 4, the latest and greatest flagship out of Korea. This is the hero, the device chosen to lead the charge for Samsung as it ventures deeper into 2013, and it's fitted with the best of everything: a 1080p Super AMOLED display, 1.9GHz quad-core (or 1.6GHz Exynos 5 Octa 5410, depending on market) chipset, Android 4.2, 13MP camera and a wide assortment of brand-new firmware amenities, to name just a few.

Despite the fact that its predecessor sold millions upon millions of units in the past year, the Galaxy S 4 isn't alone in its quest for global Android domination this time. HTC, the underdog of the fight, has launched the One, a flagship that rivals the GS 4 in almost every way and does so in a physically attractive package complete with a solid aluminum build. Where do these two devices stand in comparison to each other? Does the GS 4 reign supreme? Will its onslaught of new software features send the phone to the top of the pack? These answers and more await you after the break.

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Source: http://www.engadget.com/2013/04/24/samsung-galaxy-s-4-review/?utm_medium=feed&utm_source=Feed_Classic&utm_campaign=Engadget

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Tuesday, April 23, 2013

Jets trade Darrelle Revis to Buccaneers

FILE - In this Thursday, May 10, 2012 file photo, New York Jets cornerback Darrelle Revis talks to the media near his locker at the team's football training facility, in Florham Park, N.J. Revis and the New York Jets appear on the verge of parting ways. A person familiar with the situation told The Associated Press on Sunday, April 21, 2013, that the Jets granted Revis permission to take a physical and negotiate a contract with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, signaling a trade is imminent. (AP Photo/Julio Cortez, File)

FILE - In this Thursday, May 10, 2012 file photo, New York Jets cornerback Darrelle Revis talks to the media near his locker at the team's football training facility, in Florham Park, N.J. Revis and the New York Jets appear on the verge of parting ways. A person familiar with the situation told The Associated Press on Sunday, April 21, 2013, that the Jets granted Revis permission to take a physical and negotiate a contract with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, signaling a trade is imminent. (AP Photo/Julio Cortez, File)

File-This Dec. 24, 2011 file photo shows New York Jets' Darrelle Revis pointing before an NFL football game between the New York Giants and the New York Jets in East Rutherford, N.J. The Jets have traded Revis to the Buccaneers for this year's No. 13 overall draft pick and another selection next year. (AP Photo/Bill Kostroun, File)

File- This Dec. 18, 2011 file photo shows New York Jets' Darrelle Revis warming up before an NFL football game against the Philadelphia Eagles Sunday in Philadelphia. The Jets have traded Revis to the Buccaneers for this year's No. 13 overall draft pick and another selection next year. (AP Photo/Matt Slocum,File)

TAMPA, Fla. (AP) ? The Tampa Bay Buccaneers had the patience, persistence and money it took to get Darrelle Revis.

Weeks of speculation about the star cornerback's future ended Sunday when the New York Jets traded the three-time All-Pro to the Bucs in exchange for the 13th overall pick in this week's NFL draft and another selection next year.

Revis also agreed to six-year contract with his new team in a deal that his agents, Neil Schwartz and Jon Feinsod, confirmed is worth $96 million, with no guaranteed money.

"I been sitting around for the last hour trying to figure out what to say to the Jet Nation & I came up with this," Revis wrote on Twitter. "The six years I played for the New York Jets were unbelievable. I put my body on the line everyday & did everything could to help the team win. I experienced a lot & & learned a lot. The memories I had in New York I will keep dearly to my heart.

"I want to thank all the jets fans for making me feel welcome."

The Bucs are ecstatic about the opportunity to plug the seventh-year pro into a leaky secondary that general manager Mark Dominik and coach Greg Schiano began shoring up with the signing of free agent safety Dashon Goldson, an All-Pro in San Francisco last season.

Tampa Bay was one of a few teams with enough room under the salary cap to accommodate Revis' desire to become one of the highest-paid defensive players in the league. In exchange for giving the player the type of numbers he was looking for, though, Dominik insisted the deal not include guarantees that potentially could strap the team.

"We're thrilled. It's rare that you get a chance to add a player of this caliber to your football team. That's what motivated us," Dominik said, adding he would withhold further comment until a Monday news conference at the team's training facility.

The contract includes a yearly base salary of $13 million, plus $1.5 million annually in both roster and workout bonuses.

The Jets also receive a conditional fourth-round pick in next year's draft that will become a third-rounder if Revis, who is coming off a torn ligament in his left knee, is on the Buccaneers' roster on the third day of the 2014 league year.

Discussions between Dominik and new Jets general manager John Idzik heated up late last week, when the clubs agreed to compensation and Tampa Bay received permission to begin discussions with Revis' representatives on a contract.

The trade was completed Sunday about two hours after Revis arrived in Tampa by private jet to take a physical for the Bucs, who wanted to check out his surgically repaired knee.

Schiano drove his car onto the tarmac to meet the plane, greeted Revis and whisked the cornerback away to One Buccaneer Place. Soon after, the front page of the Buccaneers' official website posted a big picture of Revis in what appears to be a Tampa Bay jersey with the words: "Treasure Island. Darrelle Revis (CB). It's a Bucs Life."

Tampa Bay opens the season at ? that's right ? the Jets.

Trade talk involving Revis had been swirling for months, and all along the Bucs were thought to be the most serious suitor. In addition to having the league's worst pass defense last season, Tampa Bay was more than $32 million under the salary cap before landing a player generally regarded as the best cornerback in football.

Idzik said during a conference call that New York wasn't proactively shopping Revis, but Tampa Bay had "sincere and sustained" interest. Idzik insisted Revis' desire was to remain a member of the Jets and that the team shared that feeling, but the GM said "we ultimately came to the conclusion that this was the best thing to do for the Jets at this time."

Idzik added that there were several factors that went into the final decision to trade Revis, who coach Rex Ryan reiterated Sunday is "the best cornerback in football." The main barriers included the distance separating the Jets and Revis' representatives on a long-term extension, the time factor with the NFL draft coming up and the "degree of uncertainty" regarding the cornerback's health.

"Fitting a deal of historical proportions into our short-term and long-term plans is very difficult," Idzik said.

Revis was New York's first-round pick in 2007 after then-GM Mike Tannenbaum traded up to No. 14 to draft the former University of Pittsburgh star. Revis quickly established a reputation on the field as a shutdown cornerback, routinely holding wide receivers to quiet games and causing quarterbacks to shy away from his side of the field. He was considered by many to be so dominant at his position that he earned the nickname "Revis Island" for leaving opposing wide receivers stranded.

The deal gives the Jets two picks in the first round ? they already had the ninth selection ? when the draft begins Thursday, meaning Idzik will be busy early in the first round.

The trade leaves Antonio Cromartie as the Jets' top cornerback, a role he flourished in last season with Revis sidelined by a knee injury. And 2010 first-rounder Kyle Wilson mostly likely would be stepping in as the other starter.

"We're a football team that has a No. 1 corner," said Ryan, who said he and Idzik have been "joined at the hip" and he was involved in the decision-making process. "We're fortunate to have Antonio Cromartie."

For the Bucs, adding Revis improves a secondary that already includes cornerback Eric Wright and safeties Goldson and Mark Barron. Tampa Bay finished last in pass defense last season, coming within 38 yards of allowing the most yardage through the air in league history.

The 27-year-old Revis was entering the last season of a four-year contract he signed in 2010, and was looking for a big payday. A clause in that deal prevented the Jets from using the franchise or transition tag on him next year, so he likely would have become a free agent in 2014.

Revis was the subject of rampant trade rumors since last season ended as the Jets weighed whether to try to sign him to a contract extension, lose him to free agency next offseason or deal him for high draft picks.

"It became quite evident to us that there was a substantial difference between Darrelle's view of his value and ours," Idzik said. "We felt there would have to be a significant change on either side in order to create a path toward reaching an agreeable deal for either side."

Complicating things was the fact Revis is coming off a serious injury. He tore the anterior cruciate ligament in his left knee last September against Miami, and had surgery the next month.

"It definitely muddies the water a little bit," Idzik said.

Revis has been rehabbing since, and has indicated in interviews he expects to be ready for the start of the regular season.

Against his former team.

With Revis' contract status still in limbo, many predicted the two sides would have a repeat of the tough negotiations that marked previous discussions and led to two holdouts and nearly a third last summer. Instead, Idzik made a move with an eye on the franchise's future and not going empty-handed by letting Revis walk as a free agent next offseason.

"We wanted to come up with a decision that was the best for the New York Jets," owner Woody Johnson said. "And that's the decision we arrived at. And I think it was the correct one."

___

AP Sports Writer Dennis Waszak Jr. in New York contributed to this story.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/347875155d53465d95cec892aeb06419/Article_2013-04-22-FBN-Jets-Bucs-Revis/id-73ec85e7748c4ed7af3e0b6de82eba4a

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Monday, April 22, 2013

State funerals, ceremonial funerals, and Margaret Thatcher

What's the difference between the ceremonial funeral that will be held for the late prime minister and the state funeral her supporters wanted for her?

By Ryan Lenora Brown,?Correspondent / April 16, 2013

The coffin of British former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher rests in the Crypt Chapel of St. Mary Undercroft beneath the Houses of Parliament in London on Tuesday. Mrs. Thatcher's funeral will be held at St. Paul's Cathedral on Wednesday.

Leon Neal/AP

Enlarge

Before dawn Monday morning, several hundred British soldiers gathered along the dark streets of central London to escort an empty casket to St. Paul?s Cathedral.

Skip to next paragraph Ryan Lenora Brown

Correspondent

Ryan Brown edits the Africa Monitor blog and contributes to the national and international news desks of the Monitor. She is a former Fulbright fellow to South Africa and holds a degree in history from Duke University.?

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The somber early morning march was a dress rehearsal for the Wednesday funeral of former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, an elaborate and expensive ceremony that has touched off new debate about how the country should eulogize one of its most divisive leaders.

Immediately following her death last Monday, supporters began to clamor for Mrs. Thatcher to be afforded a so-called state funeral: an elaborate ceremony generally reserved for the country?s monarchs.?

Thatcher wouldn?t have been the first modern prime minister afforded such an honor ? Winston Churchill and the major prime ministers of the late 19th?century all had them ? but it would have been a ritzy departure from the ceremonies celebrating most of her predecessors.

Thatcher herself foresaw the controversy her memorial might inspire, however, and made clear before she died that she did not want a state funeral. So instead she will be commemorated Wednesday with a ?ceremonial funeral? ? one notch lower on the hierarchy of British official burials.

Here?s what you need to know about the Iron Lady's funeral.?

What is the difference between a ceremonial funeral and a full state funeral?

Practically speaking, almost nothing. Both state and ceremonial funerals are elaborate, expensive affairs (Thatcher's will cost an estimated 10 million pounds, or $15 million) involving a military procession and a funeral at one of London?s eminent old chapels.?

Thatcher?s casket will follow a winding route through central London ? flanked by about 700 military personnel ? beginning at the Palace of Westminster, continuing on to the Royal Air Force chapel, St. Clement Danes, and ending at St. Paul?s Cathedral. (You can see a minute-by-minute breakdown of the events here.)

It?s the same route followed by Winston Churchill?s casket in his state funeral, with a very similar supporting cast. So what gave Churchill?s ceremony the coveted ?state? label? Two things.

First, the gun carriage containing Mr. Churchill?s coffin was drawn by Royal Navy sailors, while Thatcher?s will be drawn by horses.

Second, and perhaps more essentially, a state funeral requires parliamentary approval, while a ceremonial funeral requires only the consent of the monarch. Before her death, Thatcher nixed the idea of a state funeral for herself in large part because of the divisive debate its approval was likely to stir up in Parliament, the Guardian reported last week.

What prime ministers have had state funerals?

Britain?s only 20th century prime minister to receive the honor was Winston Churchill, buried January 31, 1965. The BBC described the elaborate pomp and circumstance of that day.

The procession took that most ancient road that runs from the Palace of Westminster to the steps of the cathedral of St Paul. It is a road that half the history of England seems to have taken, on its way to a crowning or to a public and ignoble death, to murder or be murdered, to raise revolt, to seek a fortune, or to be buried. The route was lined with young soldiers, their heads bowed over their automatic rifles in ceremonious grief. The bands played old and slow tunes. The drums were draped in black. The staffs of the drum-majors were veiled. They moved slowly, steadily, at a curiously inexorable pace, and it looked as if nothing could ever stop them. The great crowd watched with an eloquent and absolute silence.

Before Churchill, three other prime ministers received state funeral honors in modern times: the Duke of Wellington in 1852, Viscount Palmerston in 1865, and William Gladstone in 1898. But the practice largely fell out of service in the 20th century.

What about ceremonial funerals? How common are those?

They're often given to important royals and there have been two in the past decade and a half. Princess Diana had one when she died suddenly in a car crash in 1997, as did Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, who died in 2002. Both of those ceremonies took place in Westminster Abbey.

So what kind of funerals do prime ministers usually have?

That's a matter of individual choice. Most have opted for a ceremony at Westminster Abbey. Labour Party Prime Minister Harold Wilson had one in 1995, and Edward Heath in 2005.

But the family of Harold Macmillan, Conservative Party prime minister from 1957 to 1963, held a private funeral in January 1987 at a church in the village of Horsted Keynes where he often worshiped. Just 200 people ? Thatcher among them ? attended.

By any estimation, Thatcher?s sendoff will be a slightly more audacious affair.?

Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/csmonitor/globalnews/~3/Q5wICRpKB_8/State-funerals-ceremonial-funerals-and-Margaret-Thatcher

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